Fake News Detection in Python

$ pip install gdown

# download from Google Drive
$ gdown "https://drive.google.com/uc?id=178f_VkNxccNidap-5-uffXUW475pAuPy&confirm=t"

Downloading...
From: https://drive.google.com/uc?id=178f_VkNxccNidap-5-uffXUW475pAuPy&confirm=t
To: /content/fake-news.zip
100% 48.7M/48.7M [00:00<00:00, 74.6MB/s]

$ unzip fake-news.zip

$ pip install transformers nltk pandas numpy matplotlib seaborn wordcloud

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

import nltk
nltk.download('stopwords')
nltk.download('wordnet')

# load the dataset
news_d = pd.read_csv("train.csv")

print("Shape of News data:", news_d.shape)
print("News data columns", news_d.columns)

 Shape of News data: (20800, 5)
 News data columns Index(['id', 'title', 'author', 'text', 'label'], dtype='object')

# by using df.head(), we can immediately familiarize ourselves with the dataset. 
news_d.head()

id	title	author	text	label
0	0	House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...	Darrell Lucus	House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...	1
1	1	FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Woman on Campus - ...	Daniel J. Flynn	Ever get the feeling your life circles the rou...	0
2	2	Why the Truth Might Get You Fired	Consortiumnews.com	Why the Truth Might Get You Fired October 29, ...	1
3	3	15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstrike Hav...	Jessica Purkiss	Videos 15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstr...	1
4	4	Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...	Howard Portnoy	Print \nAn Iranian woman has been sentenced to...	1

#Text Word startistics: min.mean, max and interquartile range

txt_length = news_d.text.str.split().str.len()
txt_length.describe()

count    20761.000000
mean       760.308126
std        869.525988
min          0.000000
25%        269.000000
50%        556.000000
75%       1052.000000
max      24234.000000
Name: text, dtype: float64

#Title statistics 

title_length = news_d.title.str.split().str.len()
title_length.describe()

count    20242.000000
mean        12.420709
std          4.098735
min          1.000000
25%         10.000000
50%         13.000000
75%         15.000000
max         72.000000
Name: title, dtype: float64

sns.countplot(x="label", data=news_d);
print("1: Unreliable")
print("0: Reliable")
print("Distribution of labels:")
print(news_d.label.value_counts());

1: Unreliable
0: Reliable
Distribution of labels:
1    10413
0    10387
Name: label, dtype: int64

print(round(news_d.label.value_counts(normalize=True),2)*100);

1    50.0
0    50.0
Name: label, dtype: float64

# Constants that are used to sanitize the datasets 

column_n = ['id', 'title', 'author', 'text', 'label']
remove_c = ['id','author']
categorical_features = []
target_col = ['label']
text_f = ['title', 'text']

# Clean Datasets
import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import re
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
from collections import Counter

ps = PorterStemmer()
wnl = nltk.stem.WordNetLemmatizer()

stop_words = stopwords.words('english')
stopwords_dict = Counter(stop_words)

# Removed unused clumns
def remove_unused_c(df,column_n=remove_c):
    df = df.drop(column_n,axis=1)
    return df

# Impute null values with None
def null_process(feature_df):
    for col in text_f:
        feature_df.loc[feature_df[col].isnull(), col] = "None"
    return feature_df

def clean_dataset(df):
    # remove unused column
    df = remove_unused_c(df)
    #impute null values
    df = null_process(df)
    return df

# Cleaning text from unused characters
def clean_text(text):
    text = str(text).replace(r'http[\w:/\.]+', ' ')  # removing urls
    text = str(text).replace(r'[^\.\w\s]', ' ')  # remove everything but characters and punctuation
    text = str(text).replace('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ')
    text = str(text).replace(r'\s\s+', ' ')
    text = text.lower().strip()
    #text = ' '.join(text)    
    return text

## Nltk Preprocessing include:
# Stop words, Stemming and Lemmetization
# For our project we use only Stop word removal
def nltk_preprocess(text):
    text = clean_text(text)
    wordlist = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', text).split()
    #text = ' '.join([word for word in wordlist if word not in stopwords_dict])
    #text = [ps.stem(word) for word in wordlist if not word in stopwords_dict]
    text = ' '.join([wnl.lemmatize(word) for word in wordlist if word not in stopwords_dict])
    return  text

# Perform data cleaning on train and test dataset by calling clean_dataset function
df = clean_dataset(news_d)
# apply preprocessing on text through apply method by calling the function nltk_preprocess
df["text"] = df.text.apply(nltk_preprocess)
# apply preprocessing on title through apply method by calling the function nltk_preprocess
df["title"] = df.title.apply(nltk_preprocess)

# Dataset after cleaning and preprocessing step
df.head()

title	text	label
0	house dem aide didnt even see comeys letter ja...	house dem aide didnt even see comeys letter ja...	1
1	flynn hillary clinton big woman campus breitbart	ever get feeling life circle roundabout rather...	0
2	truth might get fired	truth might get fired october 29 2016 tension ...	1
3	15 civilian killed single u airstrike identified	video 15 civilian killed single u airstrike id...	1
4	iranian woman jailed fictional unpublished sto...	print iranian woman sentenced six year prison ...	1

from wordcloud import WordCloud, STOPWORDS
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# initialize the word cloud
wordcloud = WordCloud( background_color='black', width=800, height=600)
# generate the word cloud by passing the corpus
text_cloud = wordcloud.generate(' '.join(df['text']))
# plotting the word cloud
plt.figure(figsize=(20,30))
plt.imshow(text_cloud)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

true_n = ' '.join(df[df['label']==0]['text']) 
wc = wordcloud.generate(true_n)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,30))
plt.imshow(wc)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

fake_n = ' '.join(df[df['label']==1]['text'])
wc= wordcloud.generate(fake_n)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,30))
plt.imshow(wc)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

def plot_top_ngrams(corpus, title, ylabel, xlabel="Number of Occurences", n=2):
  """Utility function to plot top n-grams"""
  true_b = (pd.Series(nltk.ngrams(corpus.split(), n)).value_counts())[:20]
  true_b.sort_values().plot.barh(color='blue', width=.9, figsize=(12, 8))
  plt.title(title)
  plt.ylabel(ylabel)
  plt.xlabel(xlabel)
  plt.show()

plot_top_ngrams(true_n, 'Top 20 Frequently Occuring True news Bigrams', "Bigram", n=2)

plot_top_ngrams(fake_n, 'Top 20 Frequently Occuring Fake news Bigrams', "Bigram", n=2)

plot_top_ngrams(true_n, 'Top 20 Frequently Occuring True news Trigrams', "Trigrams", n=3)

plot_top_ngrams(fake_n, 'Top 20 Frequently Occuring Fake news Trigrams', "Trigrams", n=3)

$ pip install transformers

import torch
from transformers.file_utils import is_tf_available, is_torch_available, is_torch_tpu_available
from transformers import BertTokenizerFast, BertForSequenceClassification
from transformers import Trainer, TrainingArguments
import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

import random

def set_seed(seed: int):
    """
    Helper function for reproducible behavior to set the seed in ``random``, ``numpy``, ``torch`` and/or ``tf`` (if
    installed).

    Args:
        seed (:obj:`int`): The seed to set.
    """
    random.seed(seed)
    np.random.seed(seed)
    if is_torch_available():
        torch.manual_seed(seed)
        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
        # ^^ safe to call this function even if cuda is not available
    if is_tf_available():
        import tensorflow as tf

        tf.random.set_seed(seed)

set_seed(1)

# the model we gonna train, base uncased BERT
# check text classification models here: https://huggingface.co/models?filter=text-classification
model_name = "bert-base-uncased"
# max sequence length for each document/sentence sample
max_length = 512

# load the tokenizer
tokenizer = BertTokenizerFast.from_pretrained(model_name, do_lower_case=True)

news_df = news_d[news_d['text'].notna()]
news_df = news_df[news_df["author"].notna()]
news_df = news_df[news_df["title"].notna()]

def prepare_data(df, test_size=0.2, include_title=True, include_author=True):
  texts = []
  labels = []
  for i in range(len(df)):
    text = df["text"].iloc[i]
    label = df["label"].iloc[i]
    if include_title:
      text = df["title"].iloc[i] + " - " + text
    if include_author:
      text = df["author"].iloc[i] + " : " + text
    if text and label in [0, 1]:
      texts.append(text)
      labels.append(label)
  return train_test_split(texts, labels, test_size=test_size)

train_texts, valid_texts, train_labels, valid_labels = prepare_data(news_df)

print(len(train_texts), len(train_labels))
print(len(valid_texts), len(valid_labels))

14628 14628
3657 3657

# tokenize the dataset, truncate when passed `max_length`, 
# and pad with 0's when less than `max_length`
train_encodings = tokenizer(train_texts, truncation=True, padding=True, max_length=max_length)
valid_encodings = tokenizer(valid_texts, truncation=True, padding=True, max_length=max_length)

class NewsGroupsDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
    def __init__(self, encodings, labels):
        self.encodings = encodings
        self.labels = labels

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        item = {k: torch.tensor(v[idx]) for k, v in self.encodings.items()}
        item["labels"] = torch.tensor([self.labels[idx]])
        return item

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.labels)

# convert our tokenized data into a torch Dataset
train_dataset = NewsGroupsDataset(train_encodings, train_labels)
valid_dataset = NewsGroupsDataset(valid_encodings, valid_labels)

# load the model
model = BertForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_name, num_labels=2)

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

def compute_metrics(pred):
  labels = pred.label_ids
  preds = pred.predictions.argmax(-1)
  # calculate accuracy using sklearn's function
  acc = accuracy_score(labels, preds)
  return {
      'accuracy': acc,
  }

training_args = TrainingArguments(
    output_dir='./results',          # output directory
    num_train_epochs=1,              # total number of training epochs
    per_device_train_batch_size=10,  # batch size per device during training
    per_device_eval_batch_size=20,   # batch size for evaluation
    warmup_steps=100,                # number of warmup steps for learning rate scheduler
    logging_dir='./logs',            # directory for storing logs
    load_best_model_at_end=True,     # load the best model when finished training (default metric is loss)
    # but you can specify `metric_for_best_model` argument to change to accuracy or other metric
    logging_steps=200,               # log & save weights each logging_steps
    save_steps=200,
    evaluation_strategy="steps",     # evaluate each `logging_steps`
)

trainer = Trainer(
    model=model,                         # the instantiated Transformers model to be trained
    args=training_args,                  # training arguments, defined above
    train_dataset=train_dataset,         # training dataset
    eval_dataset=valid_dataset,          # evaluation dataset
    compute_metrics=compute_metrics,     # the callback that computes metrics of interest
)

# train the model
trainer.train()

***** Running training *****
  Num examples = 14628
  Num Epochs = 1
  Instantaneous batch size per device = 10
  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = 10
  Gradient Accumulation steps = 1
  Total optimization steps = 1463
 [1463/1463 41:07, Epoch 1/1]
Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	Accuracy
200		0.250800		0.100533		0.983867
400		0.027600		0.043009		0.993437
600		0.023400		0.017812		0.997539
800		0.014900		0.030269		0.994258
1000	0.022400		0.012961		0.998086
1200	0.009800		0.010561		0.998633
1400	0.007700		0.010300		0.998633
***** Running Evaluation *****
  Num examples = 3657
  Batch size = 20
Saving model checkpoint to ./results/checkpoint-200
Configuration saved in ./results/checkpoint-200/config.json
Model weights saved in ./results/checkpoint-200/pytorch_model.bin
<SNIPPED>
***** Running Evaluation *****
  Num examples = 3657
  Batch size = 20
Saving model checkpoint to ./results/checkpoint-1400
Configuration saved in ./results/checkpoint-1400/config.json
Model weights saved in ./results/checkpoint-1400/pytorch_model.bin

Training completed. Do not forget to share your model on huggingface.co/models =)

Loading best model from ./results/checkpoint-1400 (score: 0.010299865156412125).
TrainOutput(global_step=1463, training_loss=0.04888018785440506, metrics={'train_runtime': 2469.1722, 'train_samples_per_second': 5.924, 'train_steps_per_second': 0.593, 'total_flos': 3848788517806080.0, 'train_loss': 0.04888018785440506, 'epoch': 1.0})

# evaluate the current model after training
trainer.evaluate()

***** Running Evaluation *****
  Num examples = 3657
  Batch size = 20
 [183/183 02:11]
{'epoch': 1.0,
 'eval_accuracy': 0.998632759092152,
 'eval_loss': 0.010299865156412125,
 'eval_runtime': 132.0374,
 'eval_samples_per_second': 27.697,
 'eval_steps_per_second': 1.386}

# saving the fine tuned model & tokenizer
model_path = "fake-news-bert-base-uncased"
model.save_pretrained(model_path)
tokenizer.save_pretrained(model_path)

def get_prediction(text, convert_to_label=False):
    # prepare our text into tokenized sequence
    inputs = tokenizer(text, padding=True, truncation=True, max_length=max_length, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
    # perform inference to our model
    outputs = model(**inputs)
    # get output probabilities by doing softmax
    probs = outputs[0].softmax(1)
    # executing argmax function to get the candidate label
    d = {
        0: "reliable",
        1: "fake"
    }
    if convert_to_label:
      return d[int(probs.argmax())]
    else:
      return int(probs.argmax())

real_news = """
Tim Tebow Will Attempt Another Comeback, This Time in Baseball - The New York Times",Daniel Victor,"If at first you don’t succeed, try a different sport. Tim Tebow, who was a Heisman   quarterback at the University of Florida but was unable to hold an N. F. L. job, is pursuing a career in Major League Baseball. <SNIPPED>
"""

get_prediction(real_news, convert_to_label=True)

reliable

# read the test set
test_df = pd.read_csv("test.csv")
# make a copy of the testing set
new_df = test_df.copy()
# add a new column that contains the author, title and article content
new_df["new_text"] = new_df["author"].astype(str) + " : " + new_df["title"].astype(str) + " - " + new_df["text"].astype(str)
# get the prediction of all the test set
new_df["label"] = new_df["new_text"].apply(get_prediction)
# make the submission file
final_df = new_df[["id", "label"]]
final_df.to_csv("submit_final.csv", index=False)