How to Perform Edge Detection in Python using OpenCV

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Edge detection is an image processing technique for finding the boundaries of objects within images. It mainly works by detecting discontinuities in brightness. One of the most popular and widely used algorithms is the Canny edge detector.

Canny edge detector is an edge detection operator that uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in images.

The main stages are:

1. Filtering out noise using the Gaussian blur algorithm.
2. Finding the strength and direction of edges using Sobel Filters.
3. Isolating the strongest edges and thinning them to one-pixel wide lines by applying non-maximum suppression.
4. Using hysteresis to isolate the best edges.

Learn more here about the theory behind the Canny edge detector.

Read also: Image Transformations using OpenCV in Python.

Alright, let's implement it in Python using OpenCV, installing it:

$ pip install opencv-python matplotlib numpy

Open up a new Python file and follow along:

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Now let's read the image when want to detect its edges:

# read the image
image = cv2.imread("little_flower.jpg")

I have an example image in my current directory, make sure you do too.

Before we pass the image to the Canny edge detector, we need to convert the image to grayscale:

# convert it to grayscale
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

Let's see it:

# show the grayscale image
plt.imshow(gray, cmap="gray")
plt.show()

All we need to do now is to pass this image to cv2.Canny() function which finds edges in the input image and marks them in the output map edges using the Canny algorithm:

# perform the canny edge detector to detect image edges
edges = cv2.Canny(gray, threshold1=30, threshold2=100)

Learn also: Real-time Object Tracking with OpenCV and YOLOv8 in Python.

The smallest value between threshold1 and threshold2 is used for edge linking. The largest value is used to find initial segments of strong edges.

Let's see the resulting image:

Interesting, try to fine-tune the threshold values and see if you can make it better.

If you want to use the live camera, here is the full code for that:

import numpy as np
import cv2

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

while True:
    _, frame = cap.read()
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    edges = cv2.Canny(gray, 30, 100)
    cv2.imshow("edges", edges)
    cv2.imshow("gray", gray)
    if cv2.waitKey(1) == ord("q"):
        break

cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

Alright, we are done!

The purpose of detecting edges is to capture important events and changes in the properties of the world. It is one of the fundamental steps in image processing, image pattern recognition, and computer vision techniques.

Finally, I've collected some useful resources and courses for you for further learning, I highly recommend the following courses:

• Machine Learning Specialization on Coursera.
• Deep Learning Specialization on Coursera.
• Introduction to Computer Vision and Image Processing

Learn also: How to Apply HOG Feature Extraction in Python.

Happy Learning ♥

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